Chem Notes Igcse

Giant Covalent Structures There are 2 examples of Giant covalent structures: Diamond Graphite They are both  allotropes  of carbon, meaning they are  both different  types of the physical  form of Carbon. Diamond Structure: Giant covalent  lattice  of carbon atoms. Each Carbon atom is bonded to 4 others which tetrahedrally surround the atom. They have a  high melting point  as a large amount of heat energy is needed to break their bonds. They are  unable  to conduct electricity as they have no free mobile  electrons to carry the current.Diamond is very  hard  as there are many bonds within the substance. It is the hardest natural substance and is often used in drilling. Graphite Structure: Arranged in  layers  of atoms. Each carbon atom is joined to 3 others, leaving one outer shell electron on each carbon is free to move and able to cary the current. Therefore, they are able to conduct electricity. Graphite also has a high melting point for the same reasons as diamond. However, it is not hard like diamond but in fact very soft. There are weak forces between  the  layers of atoms.They  are able to slide over each other and therefore able to act as a lubricant. Covalent Bonding Definition:  When an atom shares one or more pairs of electrons between atoms to obtain the electronic configuration of a noble gas. Covalent bonds appear in  non-metals  and create  molecules. They can even appear in atoms of the same element,  H2. Molecule:  Two or more atoms  chemically  bonded together. The covalently bonded atoms are held together by  strong attraction  between the  bonding pair of electrons  and the  nuclei  of the atoms.Covalent bonds can be classified into  two  groups:  simple molecular  structures   giant covalent  structures Simple molecular Structures: They have low melting/boiling points due  to the fact that  there  are  weak  intermolecular forces of attraction. Although, they do have strong covalent bonds. Therefore, they need less heat energy to overcome and break the weak bonds. Some substances  sumblime  under heating. i. e. They turn directly into a gas from a solid. Giant molecular Structures:  See post on giant Molecular structures , Ionic BondingDefinition:  The transfer of one or more electrons between 1 atom to another Why? To obtain the electronic configuration of a noble gas. This  is because noble gases are inert/very unreactive. If an atom  loses  an electron then the atom will form a  positive  ion. This is because there are now more protons than electrons in the atom. If an atom  gains  an electron, the atom forms a  negative  ion as there are now more electrons than protons in the atom. The  charge  of an ion is related to where the element’s position is in the periodic table.

Managing Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managing Operations - Essay Example The paper will therefore analyze the production strategy the managers should choose based on the total cost minimization objective as well as summarizing the information about the aggregate plan to be shared with the supply chain partners. Production strategy based on the Total Cost Minimization The total cost minimization normally occurs at appoint when the marginal cost (MC) curve cuts the average total cost (ATC) curve at its minimum point. This therefore means that, at the minimum point, marginal cost (MC) should be equals to the Average Cost (AC). In most cases, the decision problems are usually molded as being a cost-minimization problem, and therefore, in every network, models usually have a minimization objective. The reasoning behind this is that, in particular, the decision situations never influences the income, hence minimizing costs will increase the opportunities of maximizing the profit (Shim & Siegel, 2002). The production manager should choose on pricing-based as a p roduction strategy to help in making decision based on the total cost minimization. When managers use price-based strategy, the products are usually planned according to cost-plus pricing, value-based pricing as well as target-return pricing. All these are set in such a way that the new product in the market has a competitive advantage over other similar products. Therefore, when there is no overtime for employees, managers have to make sure that the time spent by those employees is compensated for as opposed to when they work on normal hours (Media, 2010). Aggregate Plan The aggregate forecasts of the tank loads for several flavors should be shared to various supply chain partners. The forecast contains the intended tank load production every month from May through September. The company’s production capacity every month is also very important information for the suppliers. The company’s maximum tank loads production in a particular month is 60 tank loads, in May the forecast is 50 tank loads, in June it is 60, in July 70, in August 90, September 80 and finally October 70.There are several months where the forecasted production in a month exceeds the company’s ability these are the months of July, August September and October. Therefore this information on the extra tank loads that the company needs is very crucial supply chain partners. This is because from the information they will get to know of any extra tank loads that the company might require in a particular month and therefore their services might be required. This will give them a chance to offer the company their services in terms of producing the extra tank loads that they have forecasted and yet they are not in a position as a company to produce (Shim & Siegel, 2002). The other Very important information that the supply chains need is the amount of money that is set aside by the company as cost of subcontracting as well as overtime production by various supply chains. Subcontr acting and over production by the suppliers who are available is $1600 and $1800 per tank load. Therefore with this information any supply chain that intends to supply the extra trainloads can be in a position to set a price for their tank loads. They will ensure that they come up with prices that will give them a chance to be chosen as the preferred supplier for the extra tank loads. They also need to know the cost of holding tank loads in a month as well as backordering if made by the company. This will help them make a

Short answers,Times New Roman,font size 10.5 Coursework

Short answers,Times New Roman,font size 10.5 - Coursework Example Moreover, there is an innovative aspect based on the process need that is otherwise deemed to be a weak link evidenced in every process. It is characterized by the fact that the majority intends to move around the problem instead of making an attempt towards the success of the success of an enterprise solution. Ultimately, Drucker also contributes to the development, demographics that constituted the population size structure and employment background and a new knowledge with advanced scientific assumptions thus creating new products and new market demands (Mitra 25) Mitra (25), points out at various attributes how technology has contributed towards the realization of entrepreneurial activities. The fundamental technological advancement is critical in the advancement of scientific understanding of entrepreneurial activities. Besides, it has contributed to the initiation of different kinds of industries that are either owned privately or by the state. Moreover, technology has also played a vital role in the conceptualization of feedbacks from the already existing enterprise while utilizing the results to enhance further technological advancements. On a number of occasions, government policies are seen as barriers to innovative aspects and entrepreneurial developments. In essence, a change in certain policies of the government often has devastating effects towards the success of entrepreneurial activities. According to Mitra (28), the government for setting up various policies and deployment of resources that are also characterized by incentive-oriented strategies thus most likely to affect the forces of the market demands. Mitra (33) explains that an economic equilibrium theory may not give a proper understanding of the entrepreneurial relationship because it mainly concentrates on the production function. Moreover, it concerns rationalization choice